Refereed Papers (* = student author)
- *Fraser, K., Chang, C. B.. (2023). Perception of Asian American identity in speech: The role of listener background and ideology. 97th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Denver, CO, January 6. [slides]
- *Kellogg, J., Chang, C. B.. (2022). Exploring the onset of phonetic drift in perception. 63rd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Boston, MA, November 18. [slides]
- Chang, C. B., Yao, Y. (2022). Multiple factor analysis of individual differences among heritage Mandarin speakers. New Sounds 2022: The 10th International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech, Barcelona, Spain, April 20. [slides]
- *Brown, M. M., Chang, C. B. (2022). Regressive cross-linguistic influence in multilingual speech rhythm: The primacy of typological similarity. 96th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Washington, DC, January 7. [slides]
- *Dionne, D., Chang, C. B. (2021). Linguistic unity and diversity among Asian Americans in Boston. New Ways of Analyzing Variation 49, Austin, TX, October 21. [video]
- Jeon, H.-S., Chang, C. B. (2019). Exploring the speaker gender effect in diachronic changes of Korean consonants. Symposium on Sociolinguistic Variation in Signed and Spoken Languages of the Asia-Pacific Region, Preston, UK, July 12.
- Chang, C. B., Kwon, S. (2019). The contributions of crosslinguistic influence and individual differences to nonnative speech perception. 93rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, New York, NY, January 5. [slides]
- Chang, C. B., Kwon, S. (2018). Sensitivity and transfer in perceptual learning of nonnative phonological contrasts. 15th Old World Conference on Phonology, London, UK, January 13. [slides]
- Chang, C. B., Ahn, S., DeKeyser, R., Lee-Ellis, S. (2017). The role of age and cross-linguistic similarity in first language perceptual attrition. 42nd Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA, November 5. [slides]
- *Chan, I. L., Chang, C. B. (2017). Perception of non-native tonal contrasts by Mandarin-English and English-Mandarin sequential bilinguals. 42nd Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA, November 4. [slides]
- Chang, C. B., Yao, Y. (2016). Intelligibility, nativeness, and identifiability of heritage Mandarin speakers. New Sounds 2016: The 8th International Conference on Second-Language Speech, Aarhus, Denmark, June 12. [slides]
- Chang, C. B., Fischer-Baum, S. (2015). The effect of semantic predictability on vowel production with pure word deafness. 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Glasgow, UK, August 14. [slides]
- Biller, A. K., Karuzis, V. P., Corbett, R. P., Chang, C. B., & Bowles, A. R. (2013). Music experience predicts lexical tone learning. 2013 Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition, Toronto, Canada, August 9.
- Bowles, A., Chang, C., Corbett, R., Karuzis, V., Dien, J., & Donavos, D. (2013). Individual differences in tone perception best predict word learning in a tone language. New Sounds 2013: The 7th International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech, Montreal, Canada, May 19. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2013). Towards a comprehensive typology of L1 transfer effects in L2 speech perception. New Sounds 2013: The 7th International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech, Montreal, Canada, May 18. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2013). Benefits of L1 transfer for L2 speech perception. 87th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Boston, MA, January 5. [slides]
- Chang, C. B., & Mishler, A. (2012). The role of canonicity in shaping perceptual biases in speech processing. 13th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, Stuttgart, Germany, July 27. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2012). On the disparity between within- and cross-language segmental similarity. CUNY Conference on the Segment, New York, NY, January 11. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2012). Perseverance of second language learning effects on native language production. 86th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Portland, OR, January 7. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2011). Systemic drift of L1 vowels in novice L2 learners. 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Hong Kong, China, August 17. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2010). Learning to produce a multidimensional voicing contrast. New Sounds 2010: The 6th International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech, Poznań, Poland, May 3. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2010). Tracking second language learning effects on native language production. 84th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Baltimore, MD, January 10. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2009). Perception vs. production in the development of L2 phonological categories. 2009 Second Language Research Forum, East Lansing, MI, October 31. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2009). The implementation of laryngeal contrast in L2 Korean. 13th Harvard International Symposium on Korean Linguistics, Cambridge, MA, August 9. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2009). Short-term phonetic drift in an L2 immersion environment. 2009 Seoul International Conference on Linguistic Interfaces, Seoul, South Korea, June 24. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2009). The locus of L1 constraints on L2 phonological acquisition. Multiple Perspectives on the Critical Period for Language Symposium, Columbus, OH, June 6. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2008). Extending the diachrony of palatals in Argentine Spanish. 18th International Congress of Linguists, Seoul, South Korea, July 24. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2008). Convergence and divergence in obsolescence: The case of Southeastern Pomo. 18th International Congress of Linguists, Seoul, South Korea, July 22. [handout]
- Chang, C. B., Katseff, S., Lee-Goldman, R., Piqueras-Brunet, M., & Yao, Y. (2008). A web-accessible dictionary of Southeastern Pomo. 18th International Congress of Linguists, Seoul, South Korea, July 21. [handout]
- Chang, C. B., Haynes, E., Rhodes, R., & Yao, Y. (2008). The phonetic space of phonological categories in heritage speakers of Mandarin. 44th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago, IL, April 25. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2008). Variation in palatal production in Argentine Spanish. 4th International Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, Albany, NY, April 18. [handout]
- Chang, C. B., Haynes, E., Rhodes, R., & Yao Y. (2008). A tale of two fricatives: Consonantal contrast in heritage speakers of Mandarin. 32nd Penn Linguistics Colloquium, Philadelphia, PA, February 23. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2008). Phonetic and phonological scansion in loanword adaptation. 32nd Penn Linguistics Colloquium, Philadelphia, PA, February 23. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2008). Phonetics vs. phonology in loanword adaptation: Revisiting the role of the bilingual. 34th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley, CA, February 8. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2008). The variable nature of sound change in Southeastern Pomo. 2008 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Chicago, IL, January 5. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). Accounting for the phonology of reduplication: Precedence vs. morphological doubling. 36th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest, Denver, CO, September 22. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). Phonological scansion in loanword adaptation: Evidence from English loans in Burmese. 17th Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, College Park, MD, September 2. [handout]
- Chang, C. B., & Yao, Y. (2007). Tone production in whispered Mandarin. 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken, Germany, August 10. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). What the Korean fricative contrast tells us about laryngeal categories: Evidence from acoustic and perceptual data. 12th Harvard International Symposium on Korean Linguistics, Cambridge, MA, August 3. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). The status of voicing and aspiration in Korean laryngeal contrast. 43rd Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago, IL, May 5. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). Analyzing the Korean laryngeal contrast: Evidence from cross-linguistic perception. 2007 UNC-Chapel Hill Spring Linguistics Colloquium, Chapel Hill, NC, March 24. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). Perspectives on the Korean laryngeal contrast from cross-linguistic perceptual similarity. 5th Workshop in General Linguistics, Madison, WI, March 3. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). On Korean fricatives: Production, perception, and laryngeal typology. 81st Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Anaheim, CA, January 6. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2006). On activation and suppression in the dual-route model of reading: bass the fish or bass the guitar? 2006 LSK Seoul International Conference on Linguistics, Seoul, South Korea, July 26. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2006). On meaning activation in the dual-route model of reading: More on non-homophonous homographs. 1st University of Essex Postgraduate Conference in Linguistics, Colchester, UK, June 30. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2006). On meaning activation in the dual-route model of reading: The case of non-homophonous homographs. 1st Newcastle Postgraduate Conference in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, June 23. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2006). Tense consonants in Korean revisited: A crosslinguistic perceptual study. 4th University of Cambridge Postgraduate Conference in Language Research, Cambridge, UK, March 17. [handout]
Refereed Posters (* = student author)
- *Chung, J., *Chen, X., *Yang, J., Chang, C. B., McAllister, T. (2023). Real-time pitch biofeedback in second-language tone production: Predictors and outcomes. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 2023 Annual Convention, Boston, MA, November 16.
- Chang, C. B., Tang, K., Nevins, A. (2023). Individual differences in vowel compactness persist under intoxication across first and second languages. 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, August 8.
- *Chen, X., *Chung, J. J., *Yang, J., Chang, C. B., McAllister, T. (2023). Predictors of response to L2 tone training with and without biofeedback. 2023 Boston Speech Motor Control Symposium, Boston, MA, June 12.
- *Rigor, S., Chang, C. B. (2023). Coronal stop deletion in Asian American speech: Effects of phonology, ethnicity, and language use. 97th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Denver, CO, January 7. [poster]
- *Kpogo, F., *Kohut, A., Chang, C. B. (2022). Minimizing complexity while maintaining the grammar: The case of diminutives in heritage Twi. 47th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA, November 4. [poster]
- *Dionne, D., Chang, C. B. (2022). Sociophonetic variation among Asian Americans: The role of ethnicity and style. 182nd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Denver, CO, May 23. [poster]
- *Lopiccolo, D., Chang, C. B. (2021). Cultural factors weaken but do not reverse left-to-right spatial biases in numerosity processing: Data from readers of Arabic and English. 62nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA, November 5. [poster | video]
- *Kpogo, F., Chang, C. B. (2021). Developmental variation in production of complex-simplex stop contrasts in Ga. 95th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, virtual, January 8. [poster]
- *Fang, M., Chang, C. B. (2020). Acoustic measures of glottalization in native and nonnative English connected speech. 179th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, virtual, December 9. [poster]
- *Bombardo, A., Chang, C. B. (2020). Variation in production of English consonant clusters by Asian American bilinguals. 2020 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention, San Diego, CA, November 19–21. [canceled due to COVID-19]
- *Fang, M., Chang, C. B. (2020). Testing the role of the L1 in L2 connected speech production. 45th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, virtual, November 5. [poster]
- Chang, C. B., Yao, Y. (2019). Production of neutral tone in Mandarin by heritage, native, and second language speakers. 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia, August 5. [poster]
- Chang, C. B., Jeon, H.-S. (2018). The role of speaker gender in diachronic change of Korean fricatives. 26th Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference, Los Angeles, CA, November 30. [poster]
- Chang, C. B., Jeon, H.-S. (2018). Categorical ambiguity and sound change in Seoul Korean. 16th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, Lisbon, Portugal, June 22. [poster]
- Chang, C. B., Jeon, H.-S. (2017). Effects of age, sex, context, and lexicality on hyperarticulation of Korean fricatives. 173rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Boston, MA, June 29. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2015). Accounting for multicompetence and restructuring in the study of speech. 169th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, May 21. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2014). Transfer effects in perception of a familiar and unfamiliar language. 167th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Providence, RI, May 8. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2014). A novelty effect in phonetic drift of the native language. 88th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Minneapolis, MN, January 4. [poster]
- Chang, C. B., Corbett, R. P., & Bowles, A. R. (2013). The influence of phonological context on L2 learning of tonal contrasts. 87th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Boston, MA, January 4. [poster]
- Yao, Y., & Chang, C. B. (2012). Reversal of a merger via cross-language influence: The case of Shanghainese and Mandarin. 13th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, Stuttgart, Germany, July 29. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2012). Acoustic characteristics of coronal fricatives in Seoul Korean. 163rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Hong Kong, China, May 15. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2011). Rediscovering a childhood language: A case study of two Korean adoptees. 36th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA, November 4. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2009). Native language phonetic drift in beginning second language acquisition. 158th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, San Antonio, TX, October 30. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2009). Phonological categories in early L2 acquisition. 83rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, San Francisco, CA, January 10. [poster]
- Chang, C. B., & Yao, Y. (2008). Reexamining cue enhancement: The case of whispered tones in Mandarin Chinese. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago, IL, January 5. [poster]
- Chang, C. B. (2007). Acoustic measures of sound change in language obsolesence. 154th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, New Orleans, LA, November 28. [poster]
Invited Talks and Colloquia (* = student author)
- Chang, C. B. (2023). Title TBD. Department of Linguistics, University of Florida, December 1.
- Chang, C. B. (2023). Intoxication effects on bilingual speech. Department of Linguistics, University of Rochester, February 10.
- Chang, C. B. (2022). Multilingual speech: The new frontier of examining cross-language interactions. Center for Language Science, Penn State University, October 14.
- Chang, C. B. (2022). Similarity and order effects in multilingual speech perception and production. Center for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan (MultiLing), University of Oslo, Norway, September 21.
- Chang, C. B., Ahn, S. (2022). Societal context and the development of emotion words in bilingual children. 51st Poznań Linguistic Meeting (thematic session: “Multilingual ecologies in a comparative perspective: Well-being of speakers, social practices and challenges to linguistic diversity”), Poznań, Poland, September 10.
- Chang, C. B. (2022). Commentary on “Changes in time: Language acquisition and attrition”. Invited discussant at the 18th Conference on Laboratory Phonology (session: “Language acquisition and attrition”), virtual, June 25.
- Chang, C. B. (2022). Viewing phonological knowledge through the lens of sequential multilingualism. 29th Manchester Phonology Meeting (special session: “Second language phonology and phonological theory”), Manchester, UK, May 25.
- Chang, C. B. (2022). A multifactorial approach to analyzing individual differences among heritage speakers. Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of Toronto, Canada, January 14.
- *Brown, M. M., Chang, C. B. (2021). Regressive cross-linguistic influence in multilingual speech rhythm: The role of typological similarity. Virtual Workshop on L3 Development After the Initial State, October 2.
- Chang, C. B. (2021). Similarity in multilingual development and attrition. Plenary address at the 50th Poznań Linguistic Meeting, Poznań, Poland, September 17.
- Chang, C. B. (2021). Phonetic drift as an aspect of lifespan language development. Abralin ao Vivo – Linguists Online, Brazilian Linguistics Association, August 4.
- Chang, C. B. (2021). Emotion word development in Korean-speaking children living in majority and minority contexts. Korean Heritage Language Research Group (KoHL), University of California, Irvine, May 26.
- Chang, C. B. (2021). An individual-differences perspective on variation in heritage Mandarin speakers. L2 Speech Learning Group, Western University, Canada, March 31.
- Chang, C. B. (2021). Development of speech perception and production in multilingualism. Laboratory of Phonetics, Glasgow University, UK, January 28.
- Chang, C. B. (2021). Phonological learning in multilingual contexts. Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Canada, January 15.
- Chang, C. B. (2020). Continuity of native language development in adulthood: The case of phonetic drift. Centre for Linguistics, Language Education, and Acquisition Research (CLLEAR), University of Southampton, UK, November 25.
- Chang, C. B. (2020). Phonetic drift as evidence for linguistic development over the lifespan. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fonética e Fonologia Aplicada à Língua Estrangeira (NUPFFALE), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil, November 23.
- Chang, C. B. (2020). Language attrition and relearning in adulthood. Poliglotar 2020: Conferência Poliglota do Brasil, Santa Catarina, Brazil, September 11.
- Chang, C. B. (2020). Heritage language phonetics and phonology: What’s next? Twelfth Heritage Language Research Institute, State College, PA, June 9.
- Chang, C. B. (2020). Speech perception in the development of multilingualism. Department of English, Central Connecticut State University, March 27. [canceled due to COVID-19]
- Chang, C. B. (2020). L3 perception as a window onto similarity and timing effects in acquisition. Linguistics Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), February 6.
- Chang, C. B. (2019). L1 status, crosslinguistic similarity, and transfer in L3 speech perception. Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, August 26.
- Chang, C. B. (2019). Integration, change, and stability in bilingual speech perception. Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, April 12.
- Chang, C. B. (2019). Crosslinguistic overlap in bilingualism: The view from speech perception. Department of Linguistics, Harvard University, March 29.
- Chang, C. B. (2019). Integration and dynamicity in bilingual speech perception. Distinguished Professors’ Lecture Series, Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, March 21.
- Chang, C. B. (2018). Development and attrition of speech perception in adult language learners. Linguistics Program, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Purdue University, April 16.
- Chang, C. B. (2017). The extent and limits of rapid phonetic drift. 11th International Symposium on Bilingualism (colloquium: “Plasticity of native language phonetic and phonological domains in the context of bilingualism”), Limerick, Ireland, June 15.
- Chang, C. B. (2017). The state of the science in heritage language phonology. Tenth Heritage Language Research Institute, Urbana, IL, May 23.
- Chang, C. B. (2017). Language contact and phonological knowledge. Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, March 1.
- Chang, C. B. (2017). Functional load as a guiding principle of cross-linguistic transfer. Department of Linguistics, University of Essex, February 22.
- Chang, C. B. (2017). What studying bilinguals tells us about phonological knowledge. Department of Linguistics, Queen Mary, University of London, February 13.
- Chang, C. B. (2016). Language memory and attrition in a mobile, multilingual world. Rhett Talks, Faculty-in-Residence Program, Boston University, September 29.
- Chang, C. B. (2016). Language change and linguistic inquiry in a world of multicompetence. 90th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America (symposium: “Language contact in the mind and in the community: Insights from bilingual phonetics and phonology”), Washington, DC, January 8. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2015). Language dynamicity and the notion of ‘native speaker’. Linguistics Program, Boston University, October 29.
- Chang, C. B. (2015). Korean Americans as perceptual beneficiaries of experience with Korean. International Institute of Korean Studies, University of Central Lancashire, February 12.
- Chang, C. B. (2015). Cross-linguistic equivalence and the theory of bilingual phonology. Laboratory of Experimental Psycholinguistics, University of Geneva, February 9.
- Chang, C. B. (2015). Cross-linguistic equivalence and the theory of bilingual phonology. Department of Linguistics, SOAS, University of London, February 3.
- Chang, C. B. (2015). Informativeness, familiarity, and the modulation of perceptual biases. Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, January 28.
- Chang, C. B. (2014). Revising the theory of second-language phonology. Department of Linguistics, University College London, November 24.
- Chang, C. B. (2014). Informativeness, familiarity, and the modulation of perceptual biases. Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, November 6. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2014). Linguistics and the structure of language: How learning language systems can help in a globalized world. Rice University AP Summer Institute Advanced Topic Academy, Rice University, July 15.
- Chang, C. B. (2014). Three reasons to preserve (and develop) a heritage language. TEDxRiceU, Rice University, April 12. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2014). Toward a revised theory of second-language phonological learning. Department of Romance Studies, Boston University, February 27. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2014). Individual sources of contact-induced sound change: Findings from a recent merger reversal in Shanghainese. Department of Linguistics, Rice University, January 16. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2013). Phonetic restructuring in a foreign language environment and its implications for the empirical study of language. Department of Linguistics, Rice University, September 12. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2013). Phonological development in the early stages of acquiring Korean as L2. Department of Linguistics, SOAS, University of London, August 2. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2013). Bilingual perceptual benefits of experience with a heritage language. Seventh Heritage Language Research Institute, Chicago, IL, June 21. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2013). The multifaceted nature of second-language influences on first-language speech production. Program in Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, February 27. [slides]
- Yao, Y., & Chang, C. B. (2012). An experimental investigation of contact-induced sound change in Shanghainese. International Conference on Bilingualism and Comparative Linguistics (invited panel: “The phonetics and phonology of language contact”), Hong Kong, China, May 16. [slides]
- Newby, G., & Chang, C. (2011). CASL overview. 2nd Annual Korean Language Education and Resources Network (LEARN) Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 21.
- Chang, C. B. (2010). Category equivalence in language contact: Theory, findings, and problems. Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, June 21. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2010). Development of a multidimensional laryngeal contrast in novice L2 learners. Department of Linguistics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, June 17. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2010). Learning to produce the Korean laryngeal contrast. Center for Advanced Study of Language, University of Maryland, College Park, April 9. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2010). The nature of change in a minority language. Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders, Queens College, City University of New York, February 11. [slides]
- Chang, C. B. (2008). Second language acquisition and Korean linguistics. Fulbright English Teaching Assistant Orientation Program, Chuncheon, South Korea, July 28. [handout]
- Chang, C. B. (2006). Second language acquisition: English learners of Korean, Korean learners of English. Fulbright English Teaching Assistant Orientation Program, Chuncheon, South Korea, July 31. [handout]
- Beaver, D., Bouma, G., Bratkievich, A., Chang, C., Francez, I., García-Álvarez, I., Jaeger, T. F., Levinson, D., Mikkelsen, L., & Whitton, L. (2005). Existentials: Definiteness effects, anti-definiteness effects and beyond. S-TREND (Berkeley-Stanford-Santa Cruz Syntax Trilateral Weekend), Stanford, CA, April 16.